Problemi mjerila i izgradnje infrastrukture topografskih podataka

The paper deals some problems with the scale and the possible concepts development of national topographical data infrastructure. There are two concepts in the procedure of structuring and updating of topographical data in digital (vector) form: model stars (discrete) and model steps (continuous). The discrete model consists of some basic data of framework. So, each of those data is updated separately. The continuous model concerning to the fundamental geospatial (topographical) data and all other data are generated from one level to another, in different scales and contents. There are some positive and negative characteristics in both concepts development of topographical data infrastructure. The first concept is good in this moment, but in the future the second concept will be better. However, it is very important that high level of modelling and automatization of procedures, both concepts support good possibilities for making and updating of topographical data infrastructure. Also, some experiences are presented in creating of the new topographic map by automated cartographic generalization.U radu se iznose neki problemi s mjerilom i mogući koncepti razvoja nacionalne infrastrukture topografskih podataka. U konceptu strukturiranja i održavanja topografskih podataka u digitalnom (vektorskom) obliku postoje dva osnovna koncepta: model zvjezdica (diskretni) i model ljestvica (kontinuirani) podataka. Diskretni model podrazumijeva kreiranje više osnovnih skupova geoprostornih (topografskih) podataka i njihovo održavanje. Kontinuirani model odnosi se na jedan osnovni (bazični) skup topografskih podataka i na osnovu njega izvođenje i održavanje (ažuriranje) svih ostalih nivoa ili skupova topografskih podataka, odnosno kreiranje skupova podataka različitih mjerila i sadržaja. Oba koncepta razvoja infrastrukture topografskih podataka imaju svoje prednosti i mane. Smatra se da je prvi koncept trenutno prihvatljiviji, a da je drugi koncept složeniji i ima veću perspektivu. Međutim, ono što je vrlo važno, a to je da uz veliki stupanj automatizacije i modeliranja pojedinih procesa, i jedan i drugi koncept pružaju mogućnosti novih kreiranja i održavanja podataka, odnosno izgradnju infrastrukture topografskih podataka. Također, prikazana su neka iskustva prilikom izrade nove topografske karte automatiziranom kartografskom generalizacijom

Analiza prikaza digitalnih modela terena primjenom različitih metoda interpolacije

In the paper is described the process of creating digital terrain models (DTM) using different interpolation methods. The analyses show the accuracy of the DTM obtained from topographic maps at different scales and using different interpolation methods. The quality and accuracy of DTM depends on the complexity of the terrain, data sources, and methods of height interpolation. The basic idea is the creation of the DTM for the selected area and the comparison of the results by applying appropriate interpolation methods. The aim of the research is to analyse the quality of the DTM model and to consider suitability of certain interpolation methods, based on the obtained results, i.e. their advantages and disadvantages. The experiment was done in the software environment ERDAS IMAGINE 2014.Rad opisuje postupak izrade digitalnih modela terena (DMT) primjenom različitih metoda interpolacije. Pritom se analiziraju prikaz i točnost DMT-a, dobiveni s topografskih karata različitih mjerila te primjenom različitih metoda interpolacije. Kvaliteta i točnost DMT-a ovise o složenosti reljefa, izvoru podataka, ali i o metodi interpolacije visina. Osnovna ideja u radu je kreiranje DMT-a za izabrano područje te primjenom odgovarajućih metoda interpolacije usporediti dobivene rezultate. Cilj istraživanja je analizirati kvalitetu DMT-a te na temelju dobivenih rezultata razmotriti pogodnost pojedinih metoda interpolacije, odnosno njihove prednosti i mane. Istraživanje je realizirano u softverskom okruženju ERDAS IMAGINE 2014

Analiza prikaza digitalnih modela terena primjenom različitih metoda interpolacije

In the paper is described the process of creating digital terrain models (DTM) using different interpolation methods. The analyses show the accuracy of the DTM obtained from topographic maps at different scales and using different interpolation methods. The quality and accuracy of DTM depends on the complexity of the terrain, data sources, and methods of height interpolation. The basic idea is the creation of the DTM for the selected area and the comparison of the results by applying appropriate interpolation methods. The aim of the research is to analyse the quality of the DTM model and to consider suitability of certain interpolation methods, based on the obtained results, i.e. their advantages and disadvantages. The experiment was done in the software environment ERDAS IMAGINE 2014.Rad opisuje postupak izrade digitalnih modela terena (DMT) primjenom različitih metoda interpolacije. Pritom se analiziraju prikaz i točnost DMT-a, dobiveni s topografskih karata različitih mjerila te primjenom različitih metoda interpolacije. Kvaliteta i točnost DMT-a ovise o složenosti reljefa, izvoru podataka, ali i o metodi interpolacije visina. Osnovna ideja u radu je kreiranje DMT-a za izabrano područje te primjenom odgovarajućih metoda interpolacije usporediti dobivene rezultate. Cilj istraživanja je analizirati kvalitetu DMT-a te na temelju dobivenih rezultata razmotriti pogodnost pojedinih metoda interpolacije, odnosno njihove prednosti i mane. Istraživanje je realizirano u softverskom okruženju ERDAS IMAGINE 2014

Analysis of the capacity changes in the 'Garajevac-Istok' excavation by applying the GIS technology

The paper discusses the concept of construction and monitoring of capacity changes - the volume of the "Garajevac-Istok" excavation (mine), located in the cadastral municipality of Novi Bečej. Namely, in the earlier period, the physical surface of the Earth and geospace in general were shown two-dimensionally (2D), in a plane, by some of the cartographic methods (contour lines, points heights, hypsometry) or three-dimensionally (3D), by modeling of reliefs and relief cards. The cartographic principles of terrain making and visualizing on relief mapping models allow the creation of 3D views, but not enough quality and engineering precise 3D terrain models. In addition, there is a possibility of quantitative and qualitative assessment of the terrain on the mentioned models not to be accurate enough. With new technologies, the 3D geospatial display mode changes, and the concept of digital terrain modeling (DTM) is being applied. The main goal of the work is to create 3D models and to give an analysis of the "Garajevac-Istok" mine for a certain period of exploitationU radu se razmatra koncept izrade i praćenja promena kapaciteta - kubature kopa 'Garajevac - istok', koji se nalazi na katastarskoj opštini Novi Bečej. Ranije su se fizička površ Zemlje i geoprostor uopšte prikazivali dvodimenzionalno (2D) u ravni, nekom od kartografskih metoda (izolinije, kote, hipsoskala) ili trodimenzionalno (3D), izradom maketa i reljefnih karata. Kartografski principi izrade i vizualizacije terena na reljefnim kartografskim modelima omogućuju stvaranje 3D prikaza, ali ne i dovoljno kvalitetnog i inženjerski preciznog 3D modela terena. Pritom je mogućnost kvantitativne i kvalitativne ocene terena na pomenutim modelima otežan i nije dovoljno tačan. Sa pojavom novih tehnologija menja se način 3D prikaza geoprostora, odnosno primenjuje se koncept izrade digitalnih modela terena (DMT). Osnovni cilj rada jeste kreiranje 3D modela i uporedna analiza kubature kopa 'Garajevac - istok' za određeni period eksploatacije

Generalized Model of Real-Time Deformation Measurements and its Experimental Verification

Technology development enabled real-time monitoring of terrain and artificial structures through the use of the systems comprised of geodetic and geotechnical sensors. Although the structure and the architecture of those systems can vary, they have many common features: automated measurements which provide monitoring and alarming when tolerances are exceeded, systems robustness involving hot-swapping sensors, its redundancy and error detection. Also, they can be structured and configured to achieve desired functionality and performance. Generalized model of real-time deformation measurements, presented in this paper, involves these common characteristics. The model is presented as a flowchart, and later applied within an experiment carried out in laboratory environment. The established system includes geodetic and geotechnical sensors and measurements are done on a physical model of a landslide. Several functions included in generalized model were implemented in the experiment. Results show that system designed using the proposed model can provide required functionality, accuracy, robustness and configurability. Aim of the paper is to propose a general procedure which, with minor modifications, can be applied as a starting point in designing various systems for monitoring landslides, bridges, high buildings etc., and which overcomes some limitations that can be found in commercial software solutions

Effects and Profitability of Land Consolidation Projects: Case Study – the Republic of Serbia

An analysis of profitability and effects of land consolidation (LC) projects has been made in this paper. The measurable effects of land consolidation resulting from land consolidation goals such as: increase of average area of parcel, decrease of average number of parcels per participant as well as the change in the area of road and canal networks after the land consolidation projects were considered. Profitability was analysed from the aspect of return on investments and net present value of investment in land consolidation. Materials and methods for this study encompass a representative sample from Vojvodina, a part of the Republic of Serbia which is flatland and predominately orientated to agricultural production. The study results indicate that the effects of land consolidation are good and that land consolidation projects are highly profitable

Comparative analysis of the ellipsoid approximation with the sphere

The paper analyzes the approximation of the ellipsoid by the sphere. Earth is a space body with a mathematically irregular shape, so idealized smooth surfaces are used for calculations. The first is the geoid, a smooth, equipotential surface that best approximates mean sea level. However, the geoid does not have an analytical form and is unsuitable for many applications, so an ellipsoid is used for approximation. In applications where high accuracy is not required (e.g., with small scale maps), the ellipsoid is approximated by a sphere. The radius of the sphere can be calculated in three ways: according to the equivalent volume criterion, according to the equivalent surface criterion, or as the mean value of the three semi-axes of the ellipsoid. All three methods of approximation were tested by calculating the length of the geodetic line on the ellipsoid, the orthodrome on the spheres and then the error. Also, the influence of latitude on the error value was tested. For three different values of geographic latitude, the lengths of geodetic lines up to one hundred points were calculated (using the Bessel method for solving the second main geodetic task on the ellipsoid), as well as the lengths of the orthodromes on the spheres, with the radii of the spheres determined in the three mentioned ways. The obtained results were then analyzed and discussed

Produkcija topografske karte razmjere 1:50 000 u okruženju geobaze podataka

Technological trends in the field of cartography and GIS require a different concept in the production of maps from classic cartographic publishing. The paper describes the technological procedure for the creating of a topographic map at scale of 1:50 000 in the geodata environment and based on it a cartographic-reproduction preparation for printing. At the beginning of the work, the criteria are analyzed for choosing the basic scale as initial (fundamental) scale in the system of topographic maps. After that, technical and technological solutions are described, from the modeling of map data to creating of the database. Also, procedures of cartographic reproduction preparation and printing of topographic maps are described. In the practical part of the work tools and softwares were used: ArcGIS, MicroStation and PS/M.Tehnološki trendovi na polju kartografije i GIS, zahtijevaju drugačiji koncept u produkciji karata od klasičnog kartografskog izdavaštva. U radu se opisuje tehnološki postupak izrade topografske karte razmjere 1:50 000 u okruženju geobaze podataka i na osnovu nje kartografsko-reprodukcijska priprema za štampu. Na početku rada, analiziraju se kriterijumi izbora osnovne razmjere kao početne (fundamentalne) razmjere u sistemu topografskih karata. Nakon toga, opisuju se tehničko-tehnološka rješenja od modelovanja kartografskih podataka do formiranja baze. Takođe, opisuju se postupci kartografskoreprodukcijske pripreme i štampa topografskih karata. U praktičnom dijelu rada korišćeni su alati i softverska okruženja: ArcGIS, MicroStation i PS/M

An Automated Process of Creating 3D City Model for Monitoring Urban Infrastructures

This paper describes the process of designing models and tools for an automated way of creating 3D city model based on a raw point cloud.Also, making and forming 3D models of buildings. Models and tools for creating tools made in the model builder application within the ArcGIS Pro software. An unclassified point cloud obtained by the LiDAR system was used for the model input data. The point cloud, collected by the airborne laser scanning system (ALS), is classified into several classes: ground, high and low noise, and buildings. Based on the created DEMs, points classified as buildings and formed prints of buildings, realistic 3D city models were created. Created 3D models of cities can be used as a basis for monitoring the infrastructure of settlements and other analyzes that are important for further development and architecture of cities

Matematički modeli loksodrome i njihova primena

The paper analyses some models of rhumb line on the ellipsoid, sphere and map projection. In geodesy and cartography, rhumb line is a complex curve on the earth's surface that crosses every meridian at the same oblique angle. Also, it is called a loxodrome. Specially, this article described some mathematical models of rhumb line on the different surfaces. So, there are some equations and examples how to calculate distance along rhumb line. In the Mercator projection, rhumb line is displayed as line and it is used in navigation traditionally.U radu se razmatraju određeni modeli loksodrome na elipsoidu, lopti i projekcionoj ravni. Po definiciji u geodeziji i kartografiji, loksodroma predstavlja krivu liniju na Zemljinoj površi koja prolazi i seče svaki meridijan pod istim uglom. Takođe, ona ima i druge nazive u literaturi. U ovom radu su posebno opisani matematički modeli loksodrome na datim površima. Prikazane su formule za računanje dužina loksodrome na datim površima. U ravni Merkatorove projekcije loksodroma se prikazuje pravom linijom i u navigaciji ima dugu tradiciju i praktičnu primenu